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"description": "中文維基百科條目協作計劃專頁已建立，歡迎報名參與！\n[關閉]\n循環賽\n維基百科，自由的百科全書\n跳至導覽跳至搜尋\n循環賽制常用於分組賽或聯賽中，參賽者與其它參賽者逐一進行比賽，每兩名參賽者之間只比賽一場的稱為單循環賽，比賽兩場的稱為雙循環賽，此外還有比較少見的多循環賽。在循環賽中，任意兩支球隊之間交手的場次是相同的，美國的各大球類聯賽，由於經常分區進行，跨區與區內球隊間的比賽場次往往不同，所以不是嚴格意義上的循環賽。\n\n在有多支隊伍參加的賽季比賽中，一般採用雙循環制，即每隻隊伍與其它每一隻隊伍都要進行兩場比賽，一般分主客場進行，常見於各國的足球聯賽中。國際象棋比賽中也經常使用雙循環制。單循環賽常見於賽會制的分組比賽中，例如世界盃足球賽決賽階段的小組賽。\n\n採用循環賽時，一般允許平局的出現，比賽排名由每場比賽的積分總和決定。\n\n\n目錄\n1\t優缺點\n1.1\t優點\n1.2\t缺點\n2\t賽程預定算法\n3\t可能賽果\n4\t參見\n優缺點\n優點\n由於每一支球隊都要面對同樣的對手，而偶然的一兩場失利並不一定會喪失爭奪冠軍的資格，所以一般認為循環賽制相對於淘汰制而言偶然性較低，更能體現參賽者的真正水平。例如，雖然英格蘭足總杯比英格蘭足球聯賽歷史還要悠久，但由於足總杯是淘汰賽，其冠軍價值遠不如經歷了雙循環賽的聯賽冠軍。\n缺點\n在最後幾輪，在既無奪冠/升級希望亦無降級之憂的隊伍之間的比賽往往意義不大\n舉例:如果有22支足球隊並採雙循環賽且單純前3升級、後3降級，且各只剩1場比賽，通常積分在50到60分之間的隊伍，就是既無奪冠/升級希望亦無降級之憂的隊伍。\n在最後幾輪，經常會出現一方需要為奪冠/升級或保級努力，而對手成績位居中游勝負並不太重要而導致不認真的情況，讓有降級危機或升級壓力的球隊會試圖對無奪冠/升級希望亦無降級之憂的隊伍以各種誘惑要求對方隊伍放水以求如願。類似的情況出現在小組資格賽中，事先已經出線的球隊可能會為了挑選下一階段的對手而故意輸掉比賽（例：2012倫敦奧運「羽球利用規則消極比賽」）。所以在循環賽中雖然任意兩支隊伍都要比賽，但並不是說比賽就是完全公平的，對陣的先後順序也很重要，故之後奧運小組賽賽後加入抽籤來改善這個問題，其他還有像相關影響隊伍盡量同時開始比賽等，也盡量同時結束，以避免因為先知道對手是誰，為了挑對手就因此消極比賽的情形，而其他賽事可能會因此改革來避免因政治、宗教、種族等相異問題就消極比賽（但是比賽單位無法操控使關係緊張的兩國隊伍永恆直到準決賽或決賽才碰頭），造成運動家精神無法實踐。\n不像淘汰賽一樣有一個最終決定勝負的冠軍爭奪戰。\n不如淘汰賽緊張刺激，無法考驗參賽者面對壓力與挑戰的勇氣與決心。\n以下是因為這個賽制而消極比賽的例子:\n\n在1998年的老虎盃（現東南亞足球錦標賽）的小組賽最後一場比賽（泰國vs印尼隊的比賽），泰國和印尼隊為了要避開勝者在半決賽出現的對手：越南（當時越南是東道主），負者將要面對着新加坡隊，於是兩個隊伍都心急想着要輸球。就在前90分鐘的比賽，比數仍然定格在2-2平手，但在傷停補時階段，球員Mursyid Effendi以不畏的勇氣把球直接射進自家大門。印尼隊也如願地避開了東道主越南隊。這個不公平競爭行為引起了四面八方的球迷的譴責之聲，於是FIFA向兩隊判罰$40,000美元的罰款（原因：違反公平比賽競爭），結果此球員隨之而來的就是被終身禁止參加國際賽（成了世界第一個球員因為射進烏龍球而被終身禁賽的球員）、國內聯賽禁賽一年。此烏龍球成爲了世界上最恥辱的烏龍球，但兩隊並未因此取消比賽資格。\n2014年10月，印尼足球甲級聯賽中的斯里曼及三寶壟隊都不願贏得比賽，以避免在半決賽遭遇據說有黑幫挺腰的婆羅洲隊。結果最終斯里曼隊3比2「贏」得這場比賽，5個進球都是烏龍球，作為證據的比賽錄影顯示過程中，當足球滾向自家球門時，門將直接走開。之後12位球員、教練及領隊被終生禁賽，包括兩位外籍球員在內的17位球員禁賽5年，就連11位替補球員也禁賽1至5年。兩隊都取消之後比賽資格，積分都是0分，罰兩隊1億印尼盾。婆羅洲隊主席Nabil Husein Said Amin家庭和黑道有來往，該隊球迷曾對其他隊不禮貌，婆羅洲隊因此事反而奪冠並成為當年度唯一升級進進入了2015年超級聯賽的隊伍。\n2018年世界盃足球賽，32強分組賽時，H組的日本、塞內加爾、哥倫比亞及波蘭各完賽兩場，取得4、4、3、0的積分。在第三戰日本對波蘭之戰，日本只要能和局就可晉級16強，但日本隊久攻不下波蘭的球門，反而在59分鐘時讓波蘭攻下球門贏得一分，日本隊以0比1落後一分。同一時間比賽的塞內加爾對戰哥倫比亞，塞內加爾也只要和局即可晉級16強，但也以0比1落後哥倫比亞。日本隊總教練西野朗因而透過隊長長谷部誠下達「拖時間、不要冒險、不要犯規、不要得牌」的指令，以致於比賽最後15分鐘成為垃圾時間，日本隊不再積極進攻，開始不斷地在中後場互傳、無意義導腳。比賽終場日本雖以0比1輸給波蘭，取得4分的積分，但與積分相同的塞內加爾同為1勝1負1平各積4分、4進球4失球0淨勝球的完全同分狀態，兩隊依「公平競賽分數」規則，日本在分組賽拿到4張黃牌扣4分，塞內加爾6張黃牌扣6分，因此使日本與哥倫比亞晉級16強。但最後15分鐘的消極比賽引起批評，總教練西野朗賽後受訪表示，為了能使球隊晉級16強，這是不得不為的做法，他自己並不樂意這樣做[1][2]。\n瑞士制結合了循環賽與淘汰制的特點，一般認為是最合理的賽制。",
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